Barnett, H. G. (Homer G. (1963). Being A Palauan.This work provides the reader with an excellent introduction to Belau society and culture written in terms of the author's understanding of how the Belau see and comprehend the world. Throughout this source Barnett provides a perspective on the present through a study of the past, weaving both past and present together so skillfully that the reader is led to a clear conception of how the various processes of culture change have taken place in time. In addition to discussions on the effects of successive domination by the Japanese, Germans, and Americans on Belau society, the author also presents general data on child care and development, women's status, the economy (the food quest), money as a cultural value in the society, marriage and family relations, kinship, status, social personality, recreation and religion.
Basso, Keith H. (1970). Cibecue Apache.Abstract: This is an ethnographic account of the modern day Apache of Cibecue on the Fort Apache Indian Reservation. The first part of the book is devoted to summaries of the pre- and post-reservation social organization, including discussions of social units, kinship termnology and behavior, and marriage patterns. The rest of the book is devoted to an exposition of Apache religious beliefs and practices. Ideas about power and its acquisition, curing ceremonies, girls' puberty ceremonies, witchcraft and Christian missionaries are topics covered in the latter part of the book. It should be noted that the author did some 25 months worth of field work over the years 1960-1969 and could speak the native language.
Beattie, John. (1960). Bunyoro: An African Kingdom.Written for a series called 'Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology,' this work is largely a summary of Beattie's larger work on the Banyoro (see document no. 1). He covers the same material on myths, history, kingship and chieftainship. However, he has added very good descriptions of kinship and community relationships (among the best I have read anywhere), and medical practices.
Benet, S. (1974). Abkhasians: The Long-Living People Of The Caucasus.The focus of this study is on the Abkhazian cultural system with a particular emphasis on the various factors that apparently make it possible for an exceptionally large number of individuals in the society to live to very advanced age without the usual ravages of aging that affect so many people in the modern world. The author presents several life histories of individuals of advanced age (90-100+ years), and discusses some of the reason that she feels have contributed to their longevity. In addition this work includes a substantial section on kinship, kinship terminology, structural and behavioral dimensions, women's roles, marriage, sexual behavor, child-rearing practices as related to the development of the individual in the society, funeral practices, and religion and folklore.
Buechler, Hans C., and Judith-Maria Buechler. (1971). Bolivian Aymara.This is a general ethnography of the community of Compi. In 1953, the agrarian reform laws in Bolivia changed the hacienda system of land tenure to one in which the peasants owned the land. Most of the data in this book deals with post-reform life in Compi. In collecting and analyzing the data, the Beuchlers used the concept of social network. Thus, although this is a general study, emphasis has been placed on understanding the social network of the family and community in the economic and political spheres and in the fiesta system.
Chagnon, N. A. (1968). Yanomamö: The Fierce People.The Yanoama in the tropical forest between the Rio Negro and the Orinoco, live on the cultivation of various food plants, of which plantains are of major importance. This book describes Yanoama society as characterized by a state of chronic warfare that determines not only inter-village but also intra-village and intra-family relationships. This book also contains a very interesting description of the author's personal experience as a field worker.
Chavez, L. R. (1998). Shadowed Lives: Undocumented Immigrants In American Society.In this work Chavez provides a detailed description and analysis of the lives of undocumented workers in southern California, particularly in San Diego County. 'The analysis goes beyond their lives to the antecedent conditions and needs that have caused many thousands of workers to risk arrest and worse as they cross the border between Mexico and the United States' (p. viii). The hardships and ambiguity of the undocumented worker's situation is described in the text by the author as well as in the words of the workers and their families themselves. Throughout this study the author expresses sympathy with the situation of the undocumented workers, and critiques United States immigration policies.
Chris., & Opler, M. E. (1969). Apache Odyssey: A Journey Between Two Worlds.This is the life history of a Mescalero Apache who was in his mid-fifties when the account was taken. Opler stresses, in his introduction, that Chris is a person who is living in two worlds. A great deal of miscellaneous information is included. The source as a whole, however, is primarily concerned with shamanism and supernatural power.
Cohen, R. (1967). Kanuri Of Bornu.In this monograph Cohen focuses upon the several selected aspects of Kanuri society which reveal a distinctive and patterned set of social relationships underlying and integrating the prime institutional areas of Kanuri life. The Kanuri household is shown as the basic social structure in which the pattern of superior/subordinate relationships is established. Cohen's analysis of the economic, as well as the Kanuri political structure, emphasizes the interrelation of these areas with the household. The interpersonal relationships characterizing family life and the household also permeate these other areas. The study is enhanced by the frequent description of individual cases. Separate chapters are devoted to the family and the household, the life cycle, economic life, and the political organization. Cohen's limitation of the study to these few areas is discussed in the concluding section. Important areas which are omitted, or merely mentioned in passing, include: religion and Islamic ceremonial life, the belief system of the Kanuri and modal personality traits. Cohen, an American anthropologist, conducted field work in Bornu for twenty-six months. He used participant observation, interviewing, questionnaires, and historical archives. Cohen spoke the Kanuri language and was aided in the field work by his wife and by trained Kanuri assistants. The first chapter contains a brief but useful description of his field experience and his own orientation in ethnographic theory. One chapter is devoted to the many centuries of Bornu history and provides the background for cultural traits which persist to the present day. The persistence of some traditional modes despite modern trends and political change is discussed.
Dentan, R. K. (1968). Semai: A Nonviolent People Of Malaya.This source is a general survey of the Senoi Semai of the hills and mountains of central Malaysia. The topics covered in the source include environment, demography, subsistence pattern, ethnoscience, nonviolence and enculturation into nonviolence, political authority, kinship and community organization, disease and medicine, life cycle, and religion.
Diamond, N. (1969). K’Un Shen: A Taiwan Village.This book, a general survey monograph of aspects of life in a Taiwan fishing village, contains much information on villagers's religious beliefs and practices, the process of 'growing up', and the local economy. Diamond emphasizes the villager's lack of 'national' feeling, and concludes that they are neither inherently 'traditional' nor conservative, displaying an eagerness to accept beneficial changes originating outside their society and culture.
Downs, J. F. (1972). Navajo.This work is a case study of the pastoral community of Nez Ch'ii (a pseudonym) in the Black Mesa area of Arizona. The central theme of sheepherding, which has played such an important part in Navajo history, is shown here also to be a most important focus of the recent culture of Nez Ch'ii. Although other aspects of the ethnography are discussed in the text (e.g., farming and trading), they are treated within the '…framework of functional relationships existing between the maintenance of the herds and the social and cultural system based on this activity' (p. iii). Other significant themes in Nez Ch'ii society are the roles of females, the inviolability of individuals, status of the aged, the reciprocity principle, and the family. The source concludes with an analysis of the relationship of the people of the community to the dominant culture surrounding them.
Esman, M. R. (1986). Henderson, Louisiana: Cultural Adaptation In A Cajun Community.Esman considers the Cajuns of Henderson, Louisiana to be one of the most distinctive and oldest North American ethnic minorities. Now mixed withother immigrant groups, the Cajuns have attempted to maintain their cultural identity in a number of ways, both in the public domain, such as the biennial Crawfish Festival, and in private, in speech, mannerisms, philosopy of life, and attitudes toward each other and to outsiders (p.vii). This book explores these avenues of ethnic identity, presenting information on cultural history, the crawfish industry, restaurants, family life, sex roles, social life, religion, relations with other ethnic minorities, politics, work, play and leisure activities, and relations with neighboring communities and tourists.
Friedl, E. (1963). Vasilika: A Village In Modern Greece.This is an account of village life in Vasilika, located in the Boeotia region of central Greece. Vasilika was chosen by Friedl for her field study because it seemed to show all possible indications of being a good, representative cross-section of a rural village in Greece at that time. An able synthesis of the data is presented, concentrating on the family and interpersonal relations. Data are given on the village -- its physical setting and community organization; the family -- its economic activities, standard of living, the dowry system and inheritance; and interpersonal relations -- within the family, the village and the nation. The author also shows how the traditional patterns of village life are being changed under urban influence, and how these influences have established an irresistible attraction for the young men of the village. The fieldwork upon which this source is based was conducted primarily in 1955-1956 (with the assistance of Fulbright and Wenner-Gren Foundation grants), with very brief return visits in the summer of 1959 and for two days in July 1961. The author, accompanied by her husband who also contributed to the collection of field data, lived in the house of one of the villagers while engaged in her study of Vasilika.
Garbarino, M. S. (1972). Big Cypress: A Changing Seminole Community.This source is a general ethnography of the Florida Seminole community of Big Cypress, with a special focus on culture change and decision-making. The author gives particular attention to the introduction of cattle raising at Big Cypress and developments in the political structure of the Florida Seminole Tribe. Other topics covered in the source include environment, subsistence pattern, social and political organization, health, education, religion, and contact with and integration into Euro-American society.
Hallowell, A. I. (Alfred I., & Brown, J. S. H. (1991). Ojibwa Of Berens River, Manitoba: Ethnography Into History.This study is divided into two major parts. Part 1 blends ethnohistorical, ecological, ethnographic, and sociopolitical analysis into a comprehensive historical treatment of the Berens River Ojibwa from the seventeenth through nineteenth centuries. Part 2 continues with the ecological adaptation of the Ojibwa and moves into the topics of residential groups, kinship, and marriage. This section also contains information on how the Ojibwa conceive of the place of humans in the universe -- their world view. The last portion of part 2 discusses the function of religion, moral conduct, and personality …'in a 'culturally constituted world' in which dreams as sources of power, of teaching, and of moral order are central processes' (p. ix). The appendix to this document presents a discussion of dwellings and household along the Berens River as observed by the author in 1935-1936. Much of the ethnographic data presented in part 2 is largely relevant to the period of the 1930s to 1940 when Hallowell did his major fieldwork.
Hart, C. W. M. (1960). Tiwi Of North Australia.This account of the Tiwi is based on field work undertaken independently by each of the authors at different times. The study deals primarily with status manipulation and political behavior among the Tiwi but includes in connection with this a wide range of material on social life, marriage patterns, burial ceremonies, feuds, antagonisms, etc. The nature of Tiwi household organization, its economic functions and organization, and the functional relationship of this organization to the status system is also discussed. There is also some attempt to relate the peculiar nature of Tiwi social structure to geographical factors of isolation and to the favorable environment and abundant food supply found in their area of habitation. Religious practices and beliefs receive some treatment as well. Finally the authors consider some of the changes that have occurred among Tiwi as a result of mission influence and European contact and show how the nature of the changes has been adapted to basic Tiwi cultural patterns. The document is weak however on material culture and socialization processes, except for puberty initiation and there is little concrete material on kinship relations, sib and band organization.
Jones, D. E. (1972). Sanapia, Comanche Medicine Woman.This book is an 'ethnographic portrait' of a Comanche Eagle doctor, or medicine woman. The book 'attempts to describe every aspect of Sanapia's role, including detailed accounts of her ritual behavior, her attitude toward her profession, the paraphernalia she employs, and her function in Comanche society' (p. ix). The book includes a brief history of the Comanche, a short biography of Sanapia, emphasizing her training, the contents of her medical kit and the collection and preparation of the botanical items, ghosts and ghost sickness, witchcraft and the conceptualization of illness, and a conclusion discussing her role in a changing Comanche society. Jones' discussion of ghost sickness and its relation to acculturation and Comanche identity problems is especially interesting.
Kintz, E. R. (1990). Life Under The Tropical Canopy: Tradition And Change Among The Yucatec Maya.This is a study of continuity and change in Mayan culture. Kintz examines Mayan kinship, economy, political leadership, and religion in each of seven historical periods between A.D. 600 and 1987. She writes in an evocative style from the perspective of a contemporary observer. The last chapter summarizes the overall changes that occurred between the prehistoric, colonial, and modern periods. She includes a seven-page glossary of Mayan, Yucatec, and Spanish terms.
Kunkel, P. H., & Kennard, S. S. (1971). Spout Spring: A Black Community.The source offers a short ethnographic description of a Black neighborhood in a small American city of the Ozark region. The location of this community is its chief interest, for it provides the researcher with the opportunity to explore aspects of Black society and culture outside of the typical urban ghetto context.
Laughlin, W. S. (1980). Aleuts, Survivors Of The Bering Land Bridge.This book is part of the Holt, Rinehart & Winston series of case studies in cultural anthroplogy for college students. It has an archeological bent. Laughlin looks at the Aleutian migration and prehistory, ecosystem, ancient village life, post-contact history, especially the Medvedev massacre, language, and only in the last chapter, modern village life.
Madsen, W., Guerrero, A., & Health, H. P. O. D. C. C. A. M. (1973). Mexican-Americans Of South Texas.This book is a general description of Mexican-American life in Hidalgo county, Texas in the 1960's. The author concentrates on variations in lifestyles caused by differences in acculturation and social class status. The book contains information on the area and its history, problems of culture conflict, values and world view, immigration, social classes, the family, religion, beliefs about health, witchcraft, curers and physicians, folk psychotherapy, education, political behavior, progress, and an epilogue on the Chicano movement. This book has been severely criticized by Chicano scholars for negatively stereotyping Chicanos and for presenting them as victims of their cultural values.
McFee, M. (1972). Modern Blackfeet; Montanans On A Reservation.This book is intended as a general ethnography of the modern Piegan of the Blackfoot Indian Reservation in Montana. The theme is that the reservation community is divided into two opposing groups, the White-oriented vs. the Indian-oriented. McFee gives a general description of the reservation community, Piegan history, general information on the White-oriented vs. the Indian-oriented groups, differences between these two groups in terms of social interaction, values, and status, and concludes the book with a chapter on future prospects.
Messenger, John C. (John Cowan), George Dearborn Spindler, and Louise S. Spindler. 1969. “Inis Beag: Isle Of Ireland.”This is a detailed ethnographic analysis of the culture and social structure of an isolated Aran Island community, interwoven with historic documentation and prehistoric reconstructions. Contemporary observations are contrasted with nativistic and primitivistic accounts. There is particular focus on interwoven political, social, and religious structures, and their influence omn individual personality development. Processes of cultural change are viewed in the context of their social and ecological settings.
O’Meara, J. Tim. (1990). Samoan Planters: Tradition And Economic Development In Polynesia.This book describes economic life of Samoan planters in the Western Samoan village of Vaega and Neiafu. It shows Samoan villagers traditionally lived on planting coconuts and taro, and breeding pigs. Over the last several decades, however, they have responded strongly and quickly to a wide variety of market-led economic incentives. This has brought important changes including the mergence of two different land tenure systems, one traditional and communal and the other modern and individual. In discussing these changes, the author argues against policy views which wrongly viewed Samoan planters as lazy and blind-followers of unchanging tradition.
Parman, S. (1990). Scottish Crofters: An Historical Ethnography Of A Celtic Village.This is a study of the crofting community of Geall (a pseudonym), located on the Isle of Lewis in the Scottish Outer Hebrides, with particular emphasis on its social organization and its relationship to the larger British and European society. Parman is also concerned with the construction of culture, particularly the creation of culture that involves historical references (p. 1). As background the author provides a history of the area, then discusses the significance of crofting to the Scottish Highlander. There are brief chapters on the Harris Tweed industry, leadership and social order in the village, kinship and marriage, religion and supernaturalism, and a detailed discussion of the roles played by liquor, religious conversions, and migrations as means of cultural resolution (through withdrawal) in reducing anxiety and frustration in the society.
Pierce, J. E. (1964). Life In A Turkish Village.Part one of this book shows life in an Anatolian village through the eyes of a small boy as he observes a range of activities--from house building to leaving for the army or taking a Turkish bath. Part two is a more conventional analysis of village culture-the basic economy, and socio-political structure. Especially noteworthy are the chapters on language, formal religion, and folk beliefs.
Safa, H. I. (1974). Urban Poor Of Puerto Rico: A Study In Development And Inequality.This is a study of the shantytown of 'Los Peloteros' (a pseudonym) located in the San Juan metropolitan area of Puerto Rico. Safa first studied 'Los Peloteros' in 1959-1960 and there are data on the physical description of the shantytown, methods of earning a living, family and kinship, and community solidarity and extra-community relations of that period. During the 1960s the community was demolished under an urban renewal program, and the people relocated. Safa returned in 1969 and conducted a follow-up study on the consequences of relocation. Safa found that a considerable amount of change had taken place, not only in improved housing, but also in attitudes toward urbanization, politics, and inter-generational relationships. The work concludes with a discussion entitled 'Development, Inequality, and Proletarian Consciousness in Puerto Rico', examining Puerto Rican economic structure, views on poverty, migration as a means of siphoning off discontent, colonialism and economic development, and means of enhancing class consciousness among the Puerto Rican people.
Turnbull, C. M. (1983). Mbuti Pygmies: Change And Adaptation.This work discusses some of the major aspects of Mbuti ethnography and the sanctuary furnished them by the Ituri forest. Turnbull describes Mbuti existence under colonialism, and their symbiotic relationship with the Bantu villagers who have wholly different customs, values and cultural adaptations. Turnbull then turns to the years of the war of independence in Zaire, and its effects on the Mbuti world, concluding with a discussion of the cultural changes taking place in Mbuti society following independence.
Uchendu, V. C. (1965). Igbo Of Southeast Nigeria.This source, whose author is both anthropologist and Igbo, is a general summary of Igbo social organization. This includes material on world view, cosmology, religious beliefs and practices, property ownership, division of labor, kin and non-kin networks, life cycle, status system, and modes of government.
Weiner, A. B. (1988). Trobrianders Of Papua New Guinea.This book explores the relationship '…between power and death as men and women, each in their own way, with their own valuables, confront the eternal problem of sustaining hierarchial relations in the face of loss and decay' (p. 13). Topics covered are: a brief cultural history of Trobriand society and the vitality of these people in facing the changes of the 1980s; the rituals surrounding death; the different but complementary roles played by men and women in the birth process; youth and sexuality; marriage and the manipulation of wealth to enhance one's influence with others; chiefs and their positions in the society; methods of spreading one's fame through enormous productive work and the expenditure of huge resources; women's wealth; and the significance of the inter-island Kula exchange among men.
Wong, B. P. (1982). Chinatown, Economic Adaptation And Ethnic Identity Of The Chinese.In this study Wong analyzes the structural adaptations that Chinese Americans have made to mainstream American society, with particular emphasis on New York City's Chinatown. This book contains data on the early Chinese migrations to the United States, Chinatown's social structure (with particular reference to the traditional associations), a biographical sampling of representatives of the several Chinese 'classes' (e.g., old overseas Chinese, new immigrants), various means of making a living, the Chinese family structure, ethnic identity of Chinese Americans, and forces contributing to social and cultural change in the Chinese community. The final chapter of this work deals with the future of Chinatown.
The Americas
Basso, Keith H. (1970). Cibecue Apache.Abstract: This is an ethnographic account of the modern day Apache of Cibecue on the Fort Apache Indian Reservation. The first part of the book is devoted to summaries of the pre- and post-reservation social organization, including discussions of social units, kinship termnology and behavior, and marriage patterns. The rest of the book is devoted to an exposition of Apache religious beliefs and practices. Ideas about power and its acquisition, curing ceremonies, girls' puberty ceremonies, witchcraft and Christian missionaries are topics covered in the latter part of the book. It should be noted that the author did some 25 months worth of field work over the years 1960-1969 and could speak the native language.
Buechler, Hans C., and Judith-Maria Buechler. (1971). Bolivian Aymara.This is a general ethnography of the community of Compi. In 1953, the agrarian reform laws in Bolivia changed the hacienda system of land tenure to one in which the peasants owned the land. Most of the data in this book deals with post-reform life in Compi. In collecting and analyzing the data, the Beuchlers used the concept of social network. Thus, although this is a general study, emphasis has been placed on understanding the social network of the family and community in the economic and political spheres and in the fiesta system.
Chagnon, N. A. (1968). Yanomamö: The Fierce People.The Yanoama in the tropical forest between the Rio Negro and the Orinoco, live on the cultivation of various food plants, of which plantains are of major importance. This book describes Yanoama society as characterized by a state of chronic warfare that determines not only inter-village but also intra-village and intra-family relationships. This book also contains a very interesting description of the author's personal experience as a field worker.
Chavez, L. R. (1998). Shadowed Lives: Undocumented Immigrants In American Society.In this work Chavez provides a detailed description and analysis of the lives of undocumented workers in southern California, particularly in San Diego County. 'The analysis goes beyond their lives to the antecedent conditions and needs that have caused many thousands of workers to risk arrest and worse as they cross the border between Mexico and the United States' (p. viii). The hardships and ambiguity of the undocumented worker's situation is described in the text by the author as well as in the words of the workers and their families themselves. Throughout this study the author expresses sympathy with the situation of the undocumented workers, and critiques United States immigration policies.
Chris., & Opler, M. E. (1969). Apache Odyssey: A Journey Between Two Worlds.This is the life history of a Mescalero Apache who was in his mid-fifties when the account was taken. Opler stresses, in his introduction, that Chris is a person who is living in two worlds. A great deal of miscellaneous information is included. The source as a whole, however, is primarily concerned with shamanism and supernatural power.
Crocker, W. H. (William H. (1990). Canela (Eastern Timbira), I: An Ethnographic Introduction.This monograph is about the Canela Indians of the municipio of Barra do Corda, Brazil with comparison to the neighboring Apanyekra Canela. , who are culturally very similar and are used in this study for comparisons. The work is divided into five parts. Part I describes the field situation and the methods used. Part II provides ethnographic background materials ranging from ecology and acculturation, through the various annual cycles, to material and recreative culture. Part III presents socialization, psychological orientations, and the social, political, and terminological (kinship) systems. Part IV is devoted to religion taken in its broadest sense and includes the festival system, individual rites of passage, mythical history and cosmology, as well as information of shamanism, ethnobiology, pollution, and medicine. Part V is a presentation and analysis of the Canela's special kind of dualism. The epilogue brings the reader up to 1989 in certain topics, and the appendices provide information on the Canela research collections (material artifacts, photographs, films, magnetic tapes, manuscripts) at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. (p. ii).
Davies, W. (2001). Healing Ways: Navajo Health Care In The Twentieth Century.This is a very good history of the development of health care among the Navaho from traditional times to the end of the twentieth century. It chronicles the struggle and eventual accommodation between two complimentary forms of medical practice. Traditional practices served an important role in alleviating stress and anxiety associated with modern life, so much so that traditional medical schools were funded once it became evident that the old practitioners were dying out and the traditional apprenticeship method was no longer functioning. In 1997 the Indian Health Service hired its first native healer.
Downs, J. F. (1972). Navajo.This work is a case study of the pastoral community of Nez Ch'ii (a pseudonym) in the Black Mesa area of Arizona. The central theme of sheepherding, which has played such an important part in Navajo history, is shown here also to be a most important focus of the recent culture of Nez Ch'ii. Although other aspects of the ethnography are discussed in the text (e.g., farming and trading), they are treated within the '…framework of functional relationships existing between the maintenance of the herds and the social and cultural system based on this activity' (p. iii). Other significant themes in Nez Ch'ii society are the roles of females, the inviolability of individuals, status of the aged, the reciprocity principle, and the family. The source concludes with an analysis of the relationship of the people of the community to the dominant culture surrounding them.
Esman, M. R. (1986). Henderson, Louisiana: Cultural Adaptation In A Cajun Community.Esman considers the Cajuns of Henderson, Louisiana to be one of the most distinctive and oldest North American ethnic minorities. Now mixed withother immigrant groups, the Cajuns have attempted to maintain their cultural identity in a number of ways, both in the public domain, such as the biennial Crawfish Festival, and in private, in speech, mannerisms, philosopy of life, and attitudes toward each other and to outsiders (p.vii). This book explores these avenues of ethnic identity, presenting information on cultural history, the crawfish industry, restaurants, family life, sex roles, social life, religion, relations with other ethnic minorities, politics, work, play and leisure activities, and relations with neighboring communities and tourists.
Garbarino, M. S. (1972). Big Cypress: A Changing Seminole Community.This source is a general ethnography of the Florida Seminole community of Big Cypress, with a special focus on culture change and decision-making. The author gives particular attention to the introduction of cattle raising at Big Cypress and developments in the political structure of the Florida Seminole Tribe. Other topics covered in the source include environment, subsistence pattern, social and political organization, health, education, religion, and contact with and integration into Euro-American society.
Hallowell, A. I. (Alfred I., & Brown, J. S. H. (1991). Ojibwa Of Berens River, Manitoba: Ethnography Into History.This study is divided into two major parts. Part 1 blends ethnohistorical, ecological, ethnographic, and sociopolitical analysis into a comprehensive historical treatment of the Berens River Ojibwa from the seventeenth through nineteenth centuries. Part 2 continues with the ecological adaptation of the Ojibwa and moves into the topics of residential groups, kinship, and marriage. This section also contains information on how the Ojibwa conceive of the place of humans in the universe -- their world view. The last portion of part 2 discusses the function of religion, moral conduct, and personality …'in a 'culturally constituted world' in which dreams as sources of power, of teaching, and of moral order are central processes' (p. ix). The appendix to this document presents a discussion of dwellings and household along the Berens River as observed by the author in 1935-1936. Much of the ethnographic data presented in part 2 is largely relevant to the period of the 1930s to 1940 when Hallowell did his major fieldwork.
Hoebel, E. A. (1940). Political Organization And Law-Ways Of The Comanche Indians.This is a descriptive study of law of the Comanche Indians of the southern Plains. Since the Comanche had no concept of law as an institution, or even as a set of rules, Hoebel used the case-history method to delineate the legal norms, unformalized by the Comanche. As a basis for comparison he uses the definition: 'A social norm is legal if its neglect or infraction is met by the application, in threat or in fact, of the absolute coercive force /violence/ by a social unit possessing the socially recognized privilege of so acting.' In giving a background for his study, Hoebel discusses tribal organization and its economic base, the peace chief, war and war leadership, and associations and their governmental role. In the actual cases, he discusses adultery and wife stealing, homicide, criminal offenses, ritual and evidence, abnormal conduct (e.g., rape and suicide), and property, inheritance and contract. In an appendix, he provides comparative notes on Shoshonean law-ways. Bibliographical references are given in footnotes throughout. Hoebel wasa Professor of Anthropology at the University of Minnesota.
Jones, D. E. (1972). Sanapia, Comanche Medicine Woman.This book is an 'ethnographic portrait' of a Comanche Eagle doctor, or medicine woman. The book 'attempts to describe every aspect of Sanapia's role, including detailed accounts of her ritual behavior, her attitude toward her profession, the paraphernalia she employs, and her function in Comanche society' (p. ix). The book includes a brief history of the Comanche, a short biography of Sanapia, emphasizing her training, the contents of her medical kit and the collection and preparation of the botanical items, ghosts and ghost sickness, witchcraft and the conceptualization of illness, and a conclusion discussing her role in a changing Comanche society. Jones' discussion of ghost sickness and its relation to acculturation and Comanche identity problems is especially interesting.
Keeling, R. (1992). Cry For Luck: Sacred Song And Speech Among The Yurok, Hupa, And Karok Indians Of Northwestern California.In overall context this monograph describes a living musical tradition among the Yurok and other closely related groups, largely in relation to earlier beliefs and practices as documented by recordings and narratives that were collected between 1900 and 1942. The document is divided into four major parts. Part 1, deals with aboriginal religion and provides an introduction to beliefs and institutions of the precontact period. Part 11, 'ceremonial singing', considers the major group rituals performed by the Yurok and others, in reference to the musical styles associated with each. Part 111, entitled 'individual use of songs and formulas', examines personal medicine rituals in a wide range of different contexts. The final section of this book, 'interpretations', explores the significance of the musical tradition on two different levels: the general characteristics of the music and its place in the overall picture of North American Indian music, and what the music expresses within its own cultural context.
Kintz, E. R. (1990). Life Under The Tropical Canopy: Tradition And Change Among The Yucatec Maya.This is a study of continuity and change in Mayan culture. Kintz examines Mayan kinship, economy, political leadership, and religion in each of seven historical periods between A.D. 600 and 1987. She writes in an evocative style from the perspective of a contemporary observer. The last chapter summarizes the overall changes that occurred between the prehistoric, colonial, and modern periods. She includes a seven-page glossary of Mayan, Yucatec, and Spanish terms.
Kunkel, P. H., & Kennard, S. S. (1971). Spout Spring: A Black Community.The source offers a short ethnographic description of a Black neighborhood in a small American city of the Ozark region. The location of this community is its chief interest, for it provides the researcher with the opportunity to explore aspects of Black society and culture outside of the typical urban ghetto context.
La Barre, W. (1948). Aymara Indians Of The Lake Titicaca Plateau.This is a comprehensive anthropological study of the Aymara Indians. There are chapters on physical environment, material culture, social, political and economic organization, magical and religious practices, and various branches of folk knowledge. La Barre has given special attention to the historical contacts between the Inca and the Aymara which are important to the understanding of the development of Andean cultures.
Laughlin, W. S. (1949). Physical Anthropology Of Three Aleut Populations: Attu, Atka, And Nikolski.An excellent comprehensive study of Aleut physical anthropology, made on the basis of research done with the Harvard Peabody Museum Aleutian expedition of 1948. In addition to the presentation of his own results and those of some other members of the expedition, the author includes analysis and critiques of other anthropometric studies and description of Aleut physical characteristics by lay observers. Citations and technical material are not included here.
Laughlin, W. S. (1980). Aleuts, Survivors Of The Bering Land Bridge.This book is part of the Holt, Rinehart & Winston series of case studies in cultural anthroplogy for college students. It has an archeological bent. Laughlin looks at the Aleutian migration and prehistory, ecosystem, ancient village life, post-contact history, especially the Medvedev massacre, language, and only in the last chapter, modern village life.
Madsen, W., Guerrero, A., & Health, H. P. O. D. C. C. A. M. (1973). Mexican-Americans Of South Texas.This book is a general description of Mexican-American life in Hidalgo county, Texas in the 1960's. The author concentrates on variations in lifestyles caused by differences in acculturation and social class status. The book contains information on the area and its history, problems of culture conflict, values and world view, immigration, social classes, the family, religion, beliefs about health, witchcraft, curers and physicians, folk psychotherapy, education, political behavior, progress, and an epilogue on the Chicano movement. This book has been severely criticized by Chicano scholars for negatively stereotyping Chicanos and for presenting them as victims of their cultural values.
McFee, M. (1972). Modern Blackfeet; Montanans On A Reservation.This book is intended as a general ethnography of the modern Piegan of the Blackfoot Indian Reservation in Montana. The theme is that the reservation community is divided into two opposing groups, the White-oriented vs. the Indian-oriented. McFee gives a general description of the reservation community, Piegan history, general information on the White-oriented vs. the Indian-oriented groups, differences between these two groups in terms of social interaction, values, and status, and concludes the book with a chapter on future prospects.
Safa, H. I. (1974). Urban Poor Of Puerto Rico: A Study In Development And Inequality.This is a study of the shantytown of 'Los Peloteros' (a pseudonym) located in the San Juan metropolitan area of Puerto Rico. Safa first studied 'Los Peloteros' in 1959-1960 and there are data on the physical description of the shantytown, methods of earning a living, family and kinship, and community solidarity and extra-community relations of that period. During the 1960s the community was demolished under an urban renewal program, and the people relocated. Safa returned in 1969 and conducted a follow-up study on the consequences of relocation. Safa found that a considerable amount of change had taken place, not only in improved housing, but also in attitudes toward urbanization, politics, and inter-generational relationships. The work concludes with a discussion entitled 'Development, Inequality, and Proletarian Consciousness in Puerto Rico', examining Puerto Rican economic structure, views on poverty, migration as a means of siphoning off discontent, colonialism and economic development, and means of enhancing class consciousness among the Puerto Rican people.
Wong, B. P. (1982). Chinatown, Economic Adaptation And Ethnic Identity Of The Chinese.In this study Wong analyzes the structural adaptations that Chinese Americans have made to mainstream American society, with particular emphasis on New York City's Chinatown. This book contains data on the early Chinese migrations to the United States, Chinatown's social structure (with particular reference to the traditional associations), a biographical sampling of representatives of the several Chinese 'classes' (e.g., old overseas Chinese, new immigrants), various means of making a living, the Chinese family structure, ethnic identity of Chinese Americans, and forces contributing to social and cultural change in the Chinese community. The final chapter of this work deals with the future of Chinatown.
Africa
Beattie, J. (1960). Bunyoro: An African Kingdom.Written for a series called 'Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology,' this work is largely a summary of Beattie's larger work on the Banyoro (see document no. 1). He covers the same material on myths, history, kingship and chieftainship. However, he has added very good descriptions of kinship and community relationships (among the best I have read anywhere), and medical practices.
Cohen, R. (1967). Kanuri Of Bornu.In this monograph Cohen focuses upon the several selected aspects of Kanuri society which reveal a distinctive and patterned set of social relationships underlying and integrating the prime institutional areas of Kanuri life. The Kanuri household is shown as the basic social structure in which the pattern of superior/subordinate relationships is established. Cohen's analysis of the economic, as well as the Kanuri political structure, emphasizes the interrelation of these areas with the household. The interpersonal relationships characterizing family life and the household also permeate these other areas. The study is enhanced by the frequent description of individual cases. Separate chapters are devoted to the family and the household, the life cycle, economic life, and the political organization. Cohen's limitation of the study to these few areas is discussed in the concluding section. Important areas which are omitted, or merely mentioned in passing, include: religion and Islamic ceremonial life, the belief system of the Kanuri and modal personality traits. Cohen, an American anthropologist, conducted field work in Bornu for twenty-six months. He used participant observation, interviewing, questionnaires, and historical archives. Cohen spoke the Kanuri language and was aided in the field work by his wife and by trained Kanuri assistants. The first chapter contains a brief but useful description of his field experience and his own orientation in ethnographic theory. One chapter is devoted to the many centuries of Bornu history and provides the background for cultural traits which persist to the present day. The persistence of some traditional modes despite modern trends and political change is discussed.
Debrunner, H. W. (1961). Witchcraft In Ghana: A Study On The Belief In Destructive Witches And Its Effect On The Akan Tribes.Studies of witchcraft are more accurately studies about anti-witchcraft cults and movements. It is rare if not impossible to document the practice of witchcraft. For example, in this study the author does not interview any witches, nor observe any of their practices. Rather, it is the omnipresent fear of witches, which spawns numerous anti-witchcraft cults and is the focus of this study. The Akan ascribe all etiology to human agency. Healing churches establish shrines to solicit the aid of powerful spirits to protect a village from witchcraft and disease. Witch-hunting prophets help to identify witches and exorcise their malevolent spirits. Anti-witchcraft movements rise in number and ferocity when political and economic change threatens the moral order and health of a community. Debrunner also discusses Akan psychology in the context of witchcraft beliefs. The book contains 32 pages of photographs.
Lee, R. B. (1979). !Kung San: Men, Women, And Work In A Foraging Society.This is a basic ethnographic source on the Dobe area San in Botswana. Based on intermittent fieldwork conducted between 1963 and 1973, Lee describes a hunting and gathering way of life which had all but disappeared by the end of his study. Although all aspects of !Kung life are explored, the emphasis on ecology and adaptation are evident in the attention paid to subsistence behavior, plant and animal life, and resource redistribution. In the last chapter, Lee details the changes in !Kung life, including their integration into a market economy and political struggle, which developed during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Fieldwork is carried out in the Dobe area which includes Xai xai, a camp 40 km from the main camp at Dobe.
Meyer, H., & Handzik, H. (1916). Barundi: An Ethnological Study Of German East Africa.As a result of keen personal observations and extensive research into contemporary literature, Meyer's account of the Rundi and their country is characterized by thoroughness and an evident desire for accuracy. Being a geographer, his interest in the material culture is varied and extensive. Included in his account are descriptions of the physical environment; agriculture and animal husbandry; utensils, tools, and weapons; handicraft industries; food, clothing and housing; and trade and means of communication. Other aspects of Rundi culture, such as social and political organization, marriage, religion, medicine, life cycle, forms of recreation, and folk knowledge are also well presented. The Rundi are composed of three distinct and highly stratified ethnic elements--the Bahutu, Batussi, and Batwa. In marking for this source, category 563 (Ethnic Stratification) has been used only when it is necessary to highlight the racial and cultural differences of these three groups. The data on 'clan' has been marked for 614 (Sibs).
Turnbull, C. M. (1983). Mbuti Pygmies: Change And Adaptation.This work discusses some of the major aspects of Mbuti ethnography and the sanctuary furnished them by the Ituri forest. Turnbull describes Mbuti existence under colonialism, and their symbiotic relationship with the Bantu villagers who have wholly different customs, values and cultural adaptations. Turnbull then turns to the years of the war of independence in Zaire, and its effects on the Mbuti world, concluding with a discussion of the cultural changes taking place in Mbuti society following independence.
Uchendu, V. C. (1965). Igbo Of Southeast Nigeria.This source, whose author is both anthropologist and Igbo, is a general summary of Igbo social organization. This includes material on world view, cosmology, religious beliefs and practices, property ownership, division of labor, kin and non-kin networks, life cycle, status system, and modes of government.
Europe and the Middle East
Benet, S. (1974). Abkhasians: The Long-Living People Of The Caucasus.The focus of this study is on the Abkhazian cultural system with a particular emphasis on the various factors that apparently make it possible for an exceptionally large number of individuals in the society to live to very advanced age without the usual ravages of aging that affect so many people in the modern world. The author presents several life histories of individuals of advanced age (90-100+ years), and discusses some of the reason that she feels have contributed to their longevity. In addition this work includes a substantial section on kinship, kinship terminology, structural and behavioral dimensions, women's roles, marriage, sexual behavor, child-rearing practices as related to the development of the individual in the society, funeral practices, and religion and folklore.
Friedl, E. (1963). Vasilika: A Village In Modern Greece.This is an account of village life in Vasilika, located in the Boeotia region of central Greece. Vasilika was chosen by Friedl for her field study because it seemed to show all possible indications of being a good, representative cross-section of a rural village in Greece at that time. An able synthesis of the data is presented, concentrating on the family and interpersonal relations. Data are given on the village -- its physical setting and community organization; the family -- its economic activities, standard of living, the dowry system and inheritance; and interpersonal relations -- within the family, the village and the nation. The author also shows how the traditional patterns of village life are being changed under urban influence, and how these influences have established an irresistible attraction for the young men of the village. The fieldwork upon which this source is based was conducted primarily in 1955-1956 (with the assistance of Fulbright and Wenner-Gren Foundation grants), with very brief return visits in the summer of 1959 and for two days in July 1961. The author, accompanied by her husband who also contributed to the collection of field data, lived in the house of one of the villagers while engaged in her study of Vasilika.
Friedl, E. (1989). Women Of Deh Koh: Lives In An Iranian Village.This work is based on a 20-year longitudinal study of women in a rural Iran village. Friedl presents her material in the form of 12 stories. They are rich accounts on a variety of topics, including courtship, marriage, rape, childbirth, barrenness, work, familial relationships, martial disputes, religious practice, divorce, wealth, and poverty. She paints a picture of female and marital relationships within and between extended family households. Her's is a purely female point of view of village life.
Kavvadias, G. V., & Schütze, F. (1965). Mediterranean Pastoral Nomads: The Sarakatsani Of Greece.his monograph, written by a social/cultural anthropologist of the French school, presents a well-rounded general ethnography of the nomadic Sarakatsani of Greece, with specific emphasis on those groups located within the region of Epirus, Thessaly, and central Greece. Although eleven specific field locales are pinpointed on the map on page 5 of this source, no mention is made in the text further identifying these locales. The author does say, however, that he did conduct a census of two of these Sarakatsani groups, one located at Tchoucaladès near Mt. Parnassus and the other at Plaka near Lamia (p. 24). This, in conjunction with the fact that there is no information on the dates of the author's fieldwork nor on the methodology used other than that he employed '… direct observation, recording of accounts and narratives, interviews, and finally direct participation in Sarakatsani life' (p. 19), constitute negative aspects of this otherwise well-written account.
Messenger, John C. (John Cowan), George Dearborn Spindler, and Louise S. Spindler. 1969. “Inis Beag: Isle Of Ireland.”This is a detailed ethnographic analysis of the culture and social structure of an isolated Aran Island community, interwoven with historic documentation and prehistoric reconstructions. Contemporary observations are contrasted with nativistic and primitivistic accounts. There is particular focus on interwoven political, social, and religious structures, and their influence omn individual personality development. Processes of cultural change are viewed in the context of their social and ecological settings.
Parman, S. (1990). Scottish Crofters: An Historical Ethnography Of A Celtic Village.This is a study of the crofting community of Geall (a pseudonym), located on the Isle of Lewis in the Scottish Outer Hebrides, with particular emphasis on its social organization and its relationship to the larger British and European society. Parman is also concerned with the construction of culture, particularly the creation of culture that involves historical references (p. 1). As background the author provides a history of the area, then discusses the significance of crofting to the Scottish Highlander. There are brief chapters on the Harris Tweed industry, leadership and social order in the village, kinship and marriage, religion and supernaturalism, and a detailed discussion of the roles played by liquor, religious conversions, and migrations as means of cultural resolution (through withdrawal) in reducing anxiety and frustration in the society.
Pierce, J. E. (1964). Life In A Turkish Village.Part one of this book shows life in an Anatolian village through the eyes of a small boy as he observes a range of activities--from house building to leaving for the army or taking a Turkish bath. Part two is a more conventional analysis of village culture-the basic economy, and socio-political structure. Especially noteworthy are the chapters on language, formal religion, and folk beliefs.
Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands
Barnett, H. G. (Homer G. (1963). Being A Palauan.This work provides the reader with an excellent introduction to Belau society and culture written in terms of the author's understanding of how the Belau see and comprehend the world. Throughout this source Barnett provides a perspective on the present through a study of the past, weaving both past and present together so skillfully that the reader is led to a clear conception of how the various processes of culture change have taken place in time. In addition to discussions on the effects of successive domination by the Japanese, Germans, and Americans on Belau society, the author also presents general data on child care and development, women's status, the economy (the food quest), money as a cultural value in the society, marriage and family relations, kinship, status, social personality, recreation and religion.
Deacon, B., & Wedgwood, C. H. (Camilla H. (1934). Malekula: A Vanishing People In The New Hebrides.This monograph is a comprehensive survey of traditional Malekulan ethnography, based on Deacon's own field observations during the period of 1925-1927, and the memories of his native informants dealing with earlier historical periods. Copious notes were taken by the author during the years of his field work, but unfortunately he died of blackwater fever in 1927 before they could be organized into a form suitable for publication. After his death this task was left to Miss Camilla H. Wedgewood who edited the notes and put them into the final form of the publication presented here (with many editorial notes scattered throughout the text). Although Deacon's work centered primarily on the southwestern region of Malekula, he does present much comparative information on other regions of the island as well (northwestern, eastern, northern, central, etc.). Much of the document deals with the age grade rituals of the NIMANGKI and NALAWAN societies, but there is also abundant information on geography, kinship, marriage, the economic life, warfare, birth and initiation, the gongs (which are involved in many aspects of Malekulan life), death practices, totemism, and magic. Three appendices provide data on the prehistoric pottery used extensively in rituals, native texts of myths, and a glossary of native terms.
Dentan, R. K. (1968). Semai: A Nonviolent People Of Malaya.This source is a general survey of the Senoi Semai of the hills and mountains of central Malaysia. The topics covered in the source include environment, demography, subsistence pattern, ethnoscience, nonviolence and enculturation into nonviolence, political authority, kinship and community organization, disease and medicine, life cycle, and religion.
Diamond, N. (1969). K’Un Shen: A Taiwan Village.This book, a general survey monograph of aspects of life in a Taiwan fishing village, contains much information on villagers's religious beliefs and practices, the process of 'growing up', and the local economy. Diamond emphasizes the villager's lack of 'national' feeling, and concludes that they are neither inherently 'traditional' nor conservative, displaying an eagerness to accept beneficial changes originating outside their society and culture.
Hart, C. W. M. (1960). Tiwi Of North Australia.This account of the Tiwi is based on field work undertaken independently by each of the authors at different times. The study deals primarily with status manipulation and political behavior among the Tiwi but includes in connection with this a wide range of material on social life, marriage patterns, burial ceremonies, feuds, antagonisms, etc. The nature of Tiwi household organization, its economic functions and organization, and the functional relationship of this organization to the status system is also discussed. There is also some attempt to relate the peculiar nature of Tiwi social structure to geographical factors of isolation and to the favorable environment and abundant food supply found in their area of habitation. Religious practices and beliefs receive some treatment as well. Finally the authors consider some of the changes that have occurred among Tiwi as a result of mission influence and European contact and show how the nature of the changes has been adapted to basic Tiwi cultural patterns. The document is weak however on material culture and socialization processes, except for puberty initiation and there is little concrete material on kinship relations, sib and band organization.
Ohnuki-Tierney, E. (1974). Ainu Of The Northwest Coast Of Southern Sakhalin.This book describes the 'way of life' of the Ainu people who, until the mid-twentieth century, lived as nomadic hunters and gatherers inhabiting a remote region in the northwest coast of southern Sakhalin Island. When the USSR took over the Sakhalin during the World War II, the Japanese government resettled the Ainu in the Hokkaido Island. This led to the gradual disappearance the Ainu way of life. This book argues that aspects of pre-location Ainu culture still persist in 'the basic behavioral patterns annd conginitive maps of older people,' and seeks to reconstruct them through interviews and closing obeserving elderly informants.
Ohnuki-Tierney, E. (1981). Illness And Healing Among The Sakhalin Ainu: A Symbolic Interpretation.This book describes the views of the Ainu of Sakhalin island, northern Japan, concerning illness and medicine. It discusses these issues as parts of the highly complex universe of the Ainu in which deities, demons and human beings form three major constitutes. In doing so, the author also provides a critical evaluation of theories in symbolic, structural, linguistic and medical anthropology, and suggests possible directions for theoretical developments of these fields.
O’Meara, J. Tim. (1990). Samoan Planters: Tradition And Economic Development In Polynesia.This book describes economic life of Samoan planters in the Western Samoan village of Vaega and Neiafu. It shows Samoan villagers traditionally lived on planting coconuts and taro, and breeding pigs. Over the last several decades, however, they have responded strongly and quickly to a wide variety of market-led economic incentives. This has brought important changes including the mergence of two different land tenure systems, one traditional and communal and the other modern and individual. In discussing these changes, the author argues against policy views which wrongly viewed Samoan planters as lazy and blind-followers of unchanging tradition.
Pasternak, B., & Salaff, J. W. (1993). Cowboys And Cultivators: The Chinese Of Inner Mongolia.This is mostly a study of the adaptation of Chinese migrants in Inner Mongolia. The authors study three different types of communities, those based on agriculture, pastoral, and mixed economies. The two agricultural communities are almost exclusively Chinese and the mixed and pastoral communities have a population of both Mongols and Chinese. The authors focus on the distribution and management of family labor, household income, and family reproduction. They also compare women's work and status, and include some final comments on ethnic relations.
Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. (Alfred R. (1922). Andaman Islanders: A Study In Social Anthropology.This work is considered the 'classic ethnography' of the Andaman Islanders. The book contains information on social organization, ceremony, religious and magical beliefs, mythology, and material culture. In addition, Radcliffe-Brown includes a functional interpretation of the customs, beliefs, and myths of the people. The final portion of the book attempts, in part, to deduce something about the archaic culture of the Andaman Islands by comparing their material culture with that of similar groups.
Suggs, R. C. (Robert C. (1963). Marquesan Sexual Behavior.This source, compiled by a professional anthropologist, presents a thorough and exhaustive study of Marquesan sexual behavior as obtained from the field work of the author, assisted by his wife, on the island of Nuku Hiva in the years 1956-1958. Comparisons are made throughout the text relating the data obtained, to other ethnographic and historical documents of a similar nature. In addition to highly detailed information on sex behavior, the source also covers such ethnographic aspects as the author's investigative techniques and methods of obtaining rapport with the Marquesans, population statistics, the life cycle, infancy and childhood, puberty, adolescence, marriage, sex in later life, sex in humor, venereal disease, and a general over-all summary of the above. Other incidental data found in this source pertain to childbirth, circumcision, grandparent relationships, culture history, and mission activities. The final conclusions present information on various aspects of Marquesan sexual behavior which have aroused interest in other reports.
Weiner, A. B. (1988). Trobrianders Of Papua New Guinea.This book explores the relationship '…between power and death as men and women, each in their own way, with their own valuables, confront the eternal problem of sustaining hierarchial relations in the face of loss and decay' (p. 13). Topics covered are: a brief cultural history of Trobriand society and the vitality of these people in facing the changes of the 1980s; the rituals surrounding death; the different but complementary roles played by men and women in the birth process; youth and sexuality; marriage and the manipulation of wealth to enhance one's influence with others; chiefs and their positions in the society; methods of spreading one's fame through enormous productive work and the expenditure of huge resources; women's wealth; and the significance of the inter-island Kula exchange among men.
Wong, B. P. (1982). Chinatown, Economic Adaptation And Ethnic Identity Of The Chinese.In this study Wong analyzes the structural adaptations that Chinese Americans have made to mainstream American society, with particular emphasis on New York City's Chinatown. This book contains data on the early Chinese migrations to the United States, Chinatown's social structure (with particular reference to the traditional associations), a biographical sampling of representatives of the several Chinese 'classes' (e.g., old overseas Chinese, new immigrants), various means of making a living, the Chinese family structure, ethnic identity of Chinese Americans, and forces contributing to social and cultural change in the Chinese community. The final chapter of this work deals with the future of Chinatown.